Reasons For Selection Of New Market For Entry Marketing Essay

Purposes behind Selection Of New Market For Entry Marketing Essay Presentation: IKEA a Swedish organization has developed itself to an enormous business association from a little mail request business. IKEA was found by Ingvar Kampard in Sweden. It has developed itself to 253 stores and 37 nations around the globe. IKEA has opened stores in United Kingdom, Hong Kong, China, Japan, and a lot all the more creation IKEA a brand far and wide. As per Usunier (2000), the suggestions and obstructions in setting up another market in the universal exchange business is lessening step by step which makes new open doors for the business for globalization. Explanations behind choice of new market for section by the Company India has become a developing exchange country for some global associations for setting up their business as the years progressed. In year 2009, the GDP of India remained at US$1.243 trillion which had made makes itself the eleventh biggest financial country on the planet. In July, Reserve Bank of India has guaranteed a development of 8.5% development in the monetary year (BBC news, 31 August 2010). Considering the normal development of the India from two decades it has been 5.8% (Achin Vanaik, July 2006). It has been the quickest developing economy on the planet. India has included itself in world exchanging market by making its ways for the worldwide associations to lead business in India. Considering the worldwide market the way of life obstruction comes before any association directing business globally. So an ideal universal showcasing technique ought to be structured before making stride in the Indian market. Elective markets which were competitors and reasons not chosen? IKEA has built up itself in all aspects of the world in Europe, North America, Middle East, Caribbean and Asia Pacific, so pursuing the set up area markets will help IKEA just in building up its correspondence arrange and not construct its image far and wide. India is simply the area where IKEA has not set up itself and had been unconscious of the extent of the Indian market in expanding its business. Proposed showcase passage system, including basis The proposed showcasing procedure which can be utilized by IKEA for building up in Indian market Marketing Mix (The 4Ps). Showcasing blend is considered has one of the primary instruments in advertising for understanding the various ideas identified with value, item, spot, and advancement (4Ps) (Armstrong and Kotler, 2006). IKEA can alter its advertising procedure as indicated by the focused on showcase with promoting blend. Fig:1 The 4Ps of Marketing Mix Source: Armstrong and Kotler (2006) Marketing: a presentation. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. The item area is the principal classification where IKEA would first be able to concentrate on and select what are the items which can be focused to India. Anyway IKEA offers an incredible scope of the family unit items which can be helpful houses. Considering the items focused by IKEA to the clients they can be given an alternative of picking diverse scope of the items inside a scope of cost and furthermore let them pick distinctive shading blends for spread at low and modest cost. IKEA has consistently bolstered an Earth-wide temperature boost and doesn't cover its items with all the cardboard stuff secured with engineered balls and everything, except utilizes condition agreeable items to cover them. IKEA can give free home conveyance alternative to the clients with self to do furniture and can offer help if necessary. The most significant boundary is the value which influences clients extending from various economy class levels. Considering the previous realities by IKEA where it changes the cost by giving limits, EMI plot as indicated by the interest and flexibly of the items. Consequently by giving plans to costs to the clients it keeps the estimating strategy offset with client esteems and furthermore incorporates with different 3Ps of promoting blend. The third P of the advertising blend is Place which as indicated by IKEA is a significant boundary as in for focusing on clients. The sub classes engaged with the Place are mechanism of channel, inclusion of the territory for example separation among store and the clients, groupings, areas, stock, transportation and coordinations. Anyway IKEA has built up its correspondence organize by conveying the items from providers to clients at time and exceptional. IKEA utilizes flatpacks play which helps in diminishing the costs engaged with transportation. Opening a shop in the Indian rural areas can likewise help in lessening the costs associated with transportation of the materials from places. Advancement assumes a significant job in marking of any item and IKEA has accomplished it during its time of advertising procedures utilized in advancing its items. Advancement does includes promoting, deals boundaries, advertising and individual selling and other showcasing procedures which can be utilized for building associations with Indian clients. IKEA includes promoting of its items in TV, papers and hand to hand conveyance of the leaflets to individuals homes. As said before IKEA includes itself in ecological concern thus has been a piece of some natural NGOs through the world, UNICEF, and WWF simply making a good open picture to the clients. Culture assumes a significant job in setting up another firm in global nations. IKEA should take as a top priority the social ideas before putting resources into India. There has been numerous writing dependent on various ideas of culture as per various writers and distributers. Terpstra David (1985) characterizes the way of life as vehicle for getting the hang of, sharing, convincing, arrangement of activities or images which can give some importance to the individuals from the general public. As per Parker (2000), A connection between foundations, associations and the board itself plays as a social correspondence between the groups. Ien (2005) presents a decent idea where he thinks ascend in the familiarity with the way of life in the general public is according to globalization specifically. Culture assumes a significant job in promoting which is likewise identified with the 4Ps of the advertising blend while structuring the showcasing methodology for Indian markets. Considering t he possibility that IKEA will manage the Indian clients which has unmistakable societies, dialects and diverse pay levels. On the off chance that we utilize a similar advertising procedures utilized in United Kingdom, China, Hong Kong we wont have the option to ensure that the showcasing systems utilized in those will assist us with prevailing in Indian markets. Cross culture showcasing will assume a significant job in building up the IKEA a brand name in Indian social exchange advertise. Usunier (2000), has expressed in his distribution that utilization of culture approach in building up the promoting techniques for worldwide nations can be valuable. Globalization does goes about as a boundary in universal multifaceted promoting which makes passage step hindrances which can be diminished during the range of period. Following in this report we will investigate the Armstrong Kotler (2006) advertising blend (4Ps) idea with culture and plan a promoting methodology structure Indian clients. In this report we will apply the worldwide showcasing system of the IKEA and keep up balance between globalization guidelines and Indian market understanding. Usunier (2000), the showcasing procedure for any business ought to be globalized however the advertising ideas can be customized by the client and culturally diverse promoting needs. The principle approach of IKEA will be to draw in the same number of as clients by adaption through neighborhood markets. The accompanying area will clarify the promoting procedure by the IKEA in co connection to Indian culture. Item: Item is an indispensable piece of any Retail based business which must be as per the requirements and request of neighborhood clients. The showrooms ought to be structured by the Indian style and will likewise coordinate quality and plan of the items as per the client inclination. A huge assortment of the items will be shown in the showroom extending low cost to significant expense alongside mix costs. Thinking about the Indian culture and style of cooking, 4 sorts of meat blades and 7 kinds of spoons and forks alongside the western style of items will be shown. Considering the Indian culture which has an alternate blends of hues remembered for it, the structure of the showroom will be shaded with various mix of hues. During Diwali (Indian celebration of lights) IKEA can bring new scope of items with less and moderate cost to the Indian market. During this celebration individuals as a rule remodel their homes and acquire new items to their new home. New structures and furnishings can be exceptionally viable in Indian markets separated from the nearby furniture stores. Anyway this progression will cost in speculation to IKEA yet will likewise help in drawing in the clients and expanding deals. For instance, IKEA sells sleeping pads in Sweden as in various sizes, for example, 70X 200 cm, 90X 200 cm, 120X 200 cm, 170X 200 cm. Be that as it may, in they can be shown as single bed, twofold bed, large twofold bed and so forth which additionally considers the Indian culture in light of the fact that in Indian individuals accept that resting in two unique beds makes issues seeing someone in the house as per the Indian Vastu shastra. The primary trait of IKEA is bundling of its items which contains a basic wrap like material used to cover the items. In any case, in India individuals appears to like their item enveloped by a material to such an extent that no mileage is done to item. IKEA can utilize the low recyclable materials to make such covers which will be less expensive to the next bundling materials. By utilizing the recyclable materials IKEA will remain by its condition well disposed associations. Separating IKEA from other furniture showrooms IKEA can open in store café serving Indian cooking styles and Swedish foods to the clients. Indians love eating which will add as a benefit to IKEA. Free home conveyance and establishment charges servic

THE ROLE OF FILM IN SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE ROLE OF FILM IN SOCIETY - Essay Example Sol Worth opened a school and did an investigation on films, naming the examination as â€Å"Visual Communication.† He ran over a few significant angles and drove the understudies into a world brimming with energy and appeal. His examination uncovered that the fundamental idea of a film normally gets from individual interests and individual aptitudes and named such sort of movies as biodocumentary. Hopping into a short depiction of biodocumentary films, such movies don't require any uncommon abilities or filmmaking experience and in this manner can be made by any individual having adequate aptitudes to make a film. Worth thought of the end that photography and filmmaking are the main and the most ideal approach to protect authentic, social, or political records for everybody. This shows the significance of film in each general public, as movies present a physical standpoint of everything, which can be left unfelt in words. For example, on the off chance that movies are made on each culture, at that point it will be extremely simple to contrast one culture and another! (Net (Intro), 1996). Making films is a craftsmanship which includes depicting genuine feelings and occasions like love, scorn, bliss, life, demise, etc. The film business history goes back to over eighty years, and during every one of these years, films are perceived as various components like workmanship, correspondence, a social pattern lastly as TV. Movies hold a critical spot in any general public or condition since it best passes on the various periods of lives, its challenges and everything else. Much the same as painting and music mirrors certain degrees of state of mind and appeal, films speak to every single such thing in substantially more profundity grasping everybody firmly to them. Movies can be considered just like the most productive type of passing on a specific message to an enormous horde of crowd (Gross (Intro), 1996). Hopping back to the beginning time of filmmaking, it very well may be said that the

Appendix c polynomials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informative supplement c polynomials - Assignment Example An interest condition (here and there called an interest bend) shows how much cash individuals would pay for an item relying upon the amount of that item is accessible on the open market. Regularly, the interest condition is found observationally (through examination, or statistical surveying). a. Assume a statistical surveying organization finds that at a cost of p = $20, they would sell x = 42 tiles every month. In the event that they bring down the cost to p = $10, at that point more individuals would buy the tile, and they can hope to sell x = 52 tiles in a month’s time. Discover the condition of the line for the interest condition. Compose your answer in the structure p = mx + b. Indication: Write a condition utilizing two focuses in the structure (x,p). A company’s income is the measure of cash that roll in from deals, before business costs are deducted. For a solitary item, you can discover the income by increasing the amount of the item sold, x, by the interest condition, p. The expenses of working together for an organization can be found by including fixed costs, for example, lease, protection, and wages, and variable costs, which are the expenses to buy the item you are selling. The segment of the company’s fixed costs dispensed to this item is $300, and the supplier’s cost for a lot of tile is $6 each. Let x speak to the quantity of tile sets. 4. A client needs to make a teepee in his patio for his kids. He intends to utilize lengths of PVC plumbing pipe for the backings on the teepee, and he needs the teepee to be 12 feet across and 8 feet tall (see figure). To what extent should the bits of PVC plumbing pipe

Issues Faced my Working Mothers

Issues Faced my Working Mothers Since the dawn of civilization, men have been responsible for hunting and providing food to their families. Women had to look after the needs of the family and raise the kids. This has been the norm for several millennia until the world wars. During the First and the Second World Wars, when the men went away to fight, the factories and business establishments hired women to replace them in large numbers. Since families also needed money to sustain themselves during the wars, huge numbers of women went to work in factories and offices. A number of armament factories also needed women to work in their assembly lines to manufacture the guns, bombs, tanks and airplanes used in the war. By the end of the two wars, the position of women at the job market was solidified. Women thus began to play two roles – to work like men and provide their families with all the needed things, and also to take care of the family. Although this dual role involves a lot of pressure, women are so versatile that they are able to handle these two tasks simultaneously with relative ease. Men can hardly perform either of these two roles properly, but women have been able to successfully handle them. While some women work to supplement the family’s income, there are many homes where the woman is the sole bread winner in the family. Therefore, they are left with no other option but to work and provide for their children. They also have to come back home and cook, wash the dishes, do the laundry and take care of the kids’ homework. Working mothers are, therefore, excellent managers, who are able to take care of multiple things simultaneously and do a great job at that.

Israel s Relationship Between God And Israel - 1409 Words

The people of Israel, the chosen people, had a complex relationship with their God. Throughout the First Testament, Israel’s relationship with God seems to take several forms. Their relationship becomes more complex as the Israelites grow as the people of Yahweh. I will explore Israel’s relationship beginning with Abraham, continuing onto Israel’s story following Egypt and onto the interpretation of prophets Ezekiel and Hosea. Overall, the relationship between God and Israel seems to be a disproportional one of in which Israel attempts to obey God in return for God’s blessings and a promise of prosperity. God seems remains loving of Israel regardless of their actions. The relationship between God and Israel begins with the story of Abraham. God makes a covenant with Abraham promising his descendants to be as numerous as the stars in the heavens. Further this covenant also promises to give his descendants great vastness of lands as well as many other perks (Genesis 15:18-21). This would later be called the Abrahamic covenant. God gives the right of circumcision to Abraham, stating that all males descendants of Abraham are to be circumcised. This was to be the sign of the covenant between God and Abraham (Genesis 17:9-14). Of course, this was to be the mark that distinguished the people of God (Jews/ Israelites) later on. God does not require Abraham to follow any specific laws or commandments. He simply makes this promise to Abraham, with the expectation that all males willShow MoreRelatedMoses And The Old Testament937 Words   |  4 Pagesbook of Exodus because he helps the people of Israel escape Egypt and commits to a new covenant between God a nd the nation of Israel. This new covenant between God and Israel promises a land flowing with milk and honey if they obey God s laws and commandments. In turn Moses leads the people of Israel through a long journey to the place in which they call the promise land. This is why Moses was such an important person in God s plan for the nation of Israel. Moses was life is very importantRead MoreThe Minor Prophet Hosea As A Young Man Lived Near Soil970 Words   |  4 PagesIsidore E. Sharpe Professor Kenneth Yelverton OTS – 102 18 September 2015 The Minor Prophet Hosea The Prophet Hosea is believed to the successor of the Prophet Amos. Hosea was the only writing prophet of Israel to Israel. The name Hosea (Heb., Hoshea) means â€Å"salvation.† It is interesting to observe that the names Joshua (Num 13:16) and Jesus (Matt 1:21) are derived from the same Hebrew root as Hosea. (Jensen, 6739) His father name Beeri, a middle-class merchant, a farmer or cattleman. It is uncertainRead MoreThe Old Testament : What Are The Fundamental Teachings This Amazing Story?1493 Words   |  6 Pagesunlikely heroes, kings, seers, nations rising up and falling. But though all the different turns it makes there is one key theme that can be seen throughout. Notably, it is that despite our many sins God s desires a personal relationship with his people. So how did it all begin? Well as it reads God created the heavens and the earth. He created every living thing that is in the universe and he created man, male and female did he create them. And he placed Adam and Eve in a garden and gave themRead MoreThe World s Beginning God1673 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the world’s beginning God has always had a plan for His people. Since the Day he created Adam and then Eve from Adam’s rib he knew the plans he had in store for them. Fortunately for Humanity, the sin that Adam and Eve fell into is only temporary. Since the beginning God has been carrying out his plan to reconcile the lost communion humanity once had with the Father. The Noahic Covenant established his commitment to creation, specifically humanity. The Abrahamic Covenant shows that God’sRead MoreThe Book of Ruth Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesa key to understanding the plan of God for love, and marriage as revealed in the scripture. So simple, yet so powerful when understood, this book is dedicated to the scriptural explanation of Right Man/Right Woman as related from the perspective of Right Woman. (Keil Delitzch) The book of Ruth is the story of Right Man/Right Woman from the perspective of the woman. The dedication of the book to the subject of the right woman in Israel is a significant part of the Old Read MoreThe Most Important Commandments Of An Idol1158 Words   |  5 Pagesof perversions in the name of their gods. This experience made me remember and understand why God used His prophet to emphasize the two most important commandments, â€Å"I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt†¦. You shall have no other gods before me.† During the years of the Old Testament, the prophets kept teaching and prophesizing against the people that committed idolatry. From Abraham to Malachi, the prophets would try to make the people of Israel understand what idolatry is, and whatRead MoreThe Five Covenants : The Davidic, Noahic, Abrahamic, Mosaic, And The New1201 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks of law, wisdom, prophetical, wisdom, as well as poetry. All of these books are bound together succession by the Five Covenants that God made with the people of Israel. The Davidic Covenant, is based upon the promise that God made to David through the prophet Nathan. In Samuel 2:7 God made the covenant without conditions with David and Israel as well. The covenant states that the Savior would come from the line of David and from the tribe of Judah. It states that David’s kingdomRead MoreThemes from Genesis 1-111238 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Law of Moses , emphasizing the human mediator as its defining feature. The Pentateuch has two basic divisions: The first eleven chapters of Genesis deal with the earth and human race, nature and purpose of humanity, intrusion of sin into God s good creation,judgement and the hope of redemption. Genesis chapter 12 to Deuteronomy chapter 34 deal with Yahweh Covenant, Abraham posterity, Divine election and blessing, and the grant of a ‘promised land . 2. The Pentateuchal Genres. Read MoreUS Support for the State of Israel Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pageswith Us and Christians United for Israel in the magazine Israel 101, when it exhibits the Three Ds of anti-Semitism Delegitimization, Double Standards, and Demonization. â€Å"Delegitimization: The Jewish State has no right to exist. Israelis do not belong in the Middle East. Double Standards: Israel is condemned harshly for self-defense measures and social problems that are seen as acceptable or inevitable in other nations. Demonization: Through distortions and lies, Israel is depicted as the world’s mostRead MoreThe Treaty Of The Old Testament1726 Words   |  7 Pagesmake a covenant with them. However, an important distinction needs to be made here. A promise can be broken without severe consequence. To the people of the Ancient Near East, a covenant closely resembled a Suzerainty Treaty; this was a legal bond between two parties, one being the Suzerain with power, and another being the Vassal, t hat is agreeing to help from the Suzerain. The treaty describes blessings that will occur from Suzerain to Vassal if the treaty is upheld, and cursings if it is not. This

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Essay - 1632 Words

Israel successfully fought off the pan-Arab army while other Israeli combatants terrorized and depopulated the countryside. Ilan Pappe termed the depopulation of Palestinians as â€Å"ethnic cleansing† but can this phrase be properly used when discussing the events of 1947-1948? To answer this question one must determine if there is a well-established definition of the phrase ‘ethnic cleansing’ and also establish that this was the intent of the Zionists, both initially and subsequently. This can be determined by examining Zionist policy and action previous to the U.N partition plan and after, which will demonstrate that the term is appropriately applied to the situation by Pappe. The United Nations defines ethnic cleansing as; â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦The first English use of the phrase was used by Donald Forbes, a Reuters reporter, who was quoting Croatias Supreme Council: The aim of this expulsion is obviously the ethnic cleansing of the critical areas . . . to be annexed to Serbia (New York Times). The phrase is used later to define events in Serbia where Slobodan Milosevic, known as the Butcher of the Balkans, would level cities, mass murder, and rape the local populations of Croatians which created 2 million refugees (CNN). Again, the tactics are all too similar to those used by Israel to drive out the Arab peoples. Moreover, the term is used today describe most cases of expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority by a dominant majority. It doesn’t matter what definition you use or what other historical examples you use to define the phrase because it doesn’t change the main purpose of Pappe’s book, wh ich is, to demonstrate that the Arabs were forcibly removed from Palestine using violent and non-violent means (Pappe 2). Pappe documents the events that led to the mass expulsion of Palestinians from their lands, beginning with the Zionist vision from the partition plan, forward. Also, Pappe uses oral history to fill the gaps in the Palestinians narrative, along with military archives, and Ben-Gurion’s diary. The Jewish National Fund contained files that were used to systematically eliminate Arab villages, and Plan D provides theShow MoreRelatedReview of Army of Shadows Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussion pertains to the changes that took place within the mindsets of numerous groups of Palestinians during the British Mandate. It could be beneficial to compare the approach and methodologies of Hillel Cohens book to Ilan Pappes The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2006) and his reassessment of Israels historical memory. Pappe focuses on the planning and actions that w ere taken to ensure an ethnically cleansed Israel and places this in direct contrast with current perspectives of historical rhetoricRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability of the region as a whole. While many believeRead MoreEthnic And Religious Division Of The Lebanese Civil War1227 Words   |  5 Pagesin Lebanon. Ethnic and religious division led to the festering of feelings of marginalization and discrimination, which boiled over into the Lebanese civil war, a w ar that claimed the lives of 150,000 people (Szekely). The anger and frustration birthed from this to chaos, and conflict has in turn increased the division between ethnic and religious factions and led to the crumbling of Lebanese nationalism. This essay is specifically aimed at assessing the relationships between ethnic and religiousRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Middle East1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe most persecuted. It started in 1099 A. D. and took place for seven weeks by the Christians. After the Turkish took over their city, the Christians decided to attack. The Christians targeted Jews and Muslims, because they felt as if they were cleansing the city. The first crusaders were French and German peasants, they were also the most ruthless and known for attacking unarmed people, eventually wiping out the Turkish people. It started with 4,000 knights and 25,000 infantry started moving towardRead MoreThe Historical Area Of Israel And Palestine1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe hist ory of the geographical area substituting Israel and Palestine is one of war and bloodshed. For nearly three millennia people have been fighting over the ‘Holy Land’ in wars that were religious in their essence. An understanding of the historic background of the area is important to comprehend the present-day reasons for the complexity of the task of conflict resolution. The simplified timeline provided below is an attempt to summarise the most important events. Since the Israelites’ conquestRead MoreThe Success And Resilience Of The Ottoman Empire Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagestheir religious ideas and cultural traditions. The rise of Nationalism and the call for independence struggles prior to 1914 and long after the end of the Great War rendered confessional boundaries virtually irrelevant, and ushered in a new era of ethnic and religious violence that forever changed the nature of relations between Muslims and non-Muslim populations in the region. The causes leading to the break-down of the once cohesive multi-lingual and multi-cultural Ottoman Empire and the ‘convivencia’Read MoreHuman Rights Within The World1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe development of human rights—racialized minorities debatably had a greater role. Also, to further narrow the scope down, the focus is on western liberal democracies in places including Europe, and North America. With the prevalence of white or ethnic superiority in these states, racialized minorities have been especially susceptible to oppression and hardships. Despite this, the autocratic maltreatment of these racialized minorities began to diminish as human rights came into play. The emergenceRead MorePeace Negotiations in International Security1477 Words   |  6 PagesPost-Cold War era is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and Middle-east (ME) being a conflict area for a long time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a sto ry of conflicts having Israel-Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been taken by world community for the solution of the issue. ‘Roadmap for peace’ was one of suchRead MoreBackground Information On The Sykes Picot Agreement1298 Words   |  6 Pagesprovinces. Palestine would have an international administration, as other Christian powers, namely Russia, held an interest in this region. The rest of the territory in question—a huge area including modern-day Syria, Mosul in northern Iraq, and Jordan—would have local Arab chiefs under French supervision in the north and British in the south. Also, Britain and France would retain free passage and trade in the other’s zone of influence. An â€Å"international administration† was proposed for Palestine. TheRead MoreA Wall of Exclusion: Can Palestine Survive Essay2292 Words   |  10 PagesThe continuous struggle of land between the Israelis and Palestinians has been a controversy that has depicted onto the international community for years. Many states now recognize Palestine as an independent state, yet not all the actors seem to agree, specifically the United Nations including the United States and the United Kingdom. The regions that are primarily under dispute include the West Bank along the Jordan border and the Gaza Strip. East Jerusalem is also included in this dispute,

Pet Therapy free essay sample

Pet therapy can be dated as far back as prehistory time when humans noticed that animals were not only used for food, but they were also friends and companions. Animal-facilitated therapy is one of the newer forms of medicine used throughout the nation. The origin of animal-facilitated therapy can be traced as far back as 18th century. The York Retreat, founded in 1792 by the Quaker merchant William Tuke, was cited to be the first use of animal-facilitated therapy. Instead of harsh forms of treatment, the York Retreat emphasized positive means to control behavior. Animals could be found all over the retreat, and the patients were encouraged to learn to care after them. The York Retreat is used as a model today in the form of animal-facilitated therapy (Cusack 2). The earliest form of animal-facilitated therapy in the United States was when Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane suggested using dogs with psychiatric patients at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington D. C (Hooker 18). Pawling Army Air Force Convalescent Hospital at Pawling, New York introduced pet therapy in 1942. The patients were encouraged to work with many farm animals as well as engage in academic studies. Amphibians were also used from the nearby forest as pets for the patients. The patients would hold frog jumping contests and turtle races which inspired a competitive spirit and provided an educational background (Cusack 3). Pet therapy was finally considered a legitimate therapeutic use in 1961 when Dr. Boris Levinson documented his observations (Hooker 18). There are a few different classified types of pet therapy. Animal-assisted activities or animal-facilitated therapy, animal-assisted therapy, and pet-facilitated therapy are the main types of therapy used. A newer form of therapy called canine candy striping started at UCLA in 1994, has also become a popular method. Researchers are beginning to distinguish between animal-assisted activities, which are practiced in over 600 hospitals nationwide and animal-assisted therapy which is a newer discipline where dogs are used by doctors to reach a specific goal (Roosevelt 2). Studies show that animals, pets in general, make humans better people. Having a pet makes you live longer, be happier, live healthier, and more sociable (Cusack 4). Doctors, therapists, and researchers have argued the fact whether pet herapy is a healthy and effective way to treat patients. Should doctors and therapists start prescribing pets instead of medicine to their patients? The first type of animal therapy is animal-assisted activities (AAA). This therapy is performed by trained professionals with the accompaniment of animals that meet specific criteria. AAA are used for multiple patients and are more of a â€Å"s it down† and â€Å"play† time. A therapist is not sitting with the patient taking notes such as, ‘what are the patient’s actions showing’ (About 2)? Many different types of animals may be used for pet therapy. The most common ones however are dogs and cats. Hospitals and nursing homes are starting to permit the use of more animals like rabbits, small rodents such as mice and gerbils, and birds. Dogs and cats do provide the best potential for therapeutic use, but they are more expensive to groom and care for (Cusack 85-91). The most important quality of the animals used for therapy is that they should have a calm personality and they must be people oriented. Cats and small dogs are very good to use because they can fit on about anyone’s lap. A large dog would be perfect for a patient in a wheelchair so the patient could stroke its hair. Pawprints and Purrs Inc. states, â€Å"They provide an invaluable service to those who are lonely, abandoned, or ill; indeed, anyone who needs the miraculous healing that can arise from a hug and a gentle touch (2). † Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is another method used on patients. This method does have specific goals for the patient to meet. Catanzaro lists the following four types of AAT interaction between humans and animals: 1. The â€Å"individual companion,† or the owned pet, is one who is specifically trained and placed with an individual on a full-time basis. The programs for the blind and deaf often are the first to come to mind, but animals also are placed with disabled, elderly, or chronically ill individuals. 2. â€Å"Part-time companions† include animals that are used on a â€Å"loan† basis. They may be left with a person for periods of time but are generally the responsibility of someone else. This includes pets â€Å"visiting† the elderly at home or in nursing care facilities. Some of these animals are entertainers, whereas others are friends and lovers. Most often, the pet stewards are volunteers and they and their animal have been psychologically screened, as in the Pet Partner Program of the Delta Society. 3. The â€Å"mascot† or group pet essentially resides in the therapeutic setting itself, such as a psychiatric or nursing home, a children’s ward, or a half-way house. These animals provide companionship in the broadest sense for all residents and patients. As such, they are available to everyone, including the staff. 4. Animals can be â€Å"part of the living environment,† such as seen on a working farm or residential treatment center. Here, people may interact with animals who are considered part of the community of living things—plants, livestock, horses, rabbits, poultry, dogs, cats, as well as birds and animals in the wild (40). AAT can be used in a group or with an individual, but must be performed by a health/human service professional. After each visit, the patient’s progress is measured. An example of AAT would be a physical therapist using the presence of a dog to increase a stroke patient’s ambulation skills. AAT can improve the physical, mental, educational, and motivational health of a patient (About). Pet facilitated therapy (PFT) is yet another form of therapeutic aid. Prisons, hospitals, nursing homes, and other institutions use PFT. Beck states the animal’s main objective is to â€Å"act as a bridge by which therapists can reach patients who are withdrawn, uncooperative, and uncommunicative. † Upon receiving a pet, patients show a sudden emotional reaction, showing joyfulness. After a few sessions with the pet, many of the patients will start responding to human therapists. Eventually the patient will start socializing with other people when before they had no social life (Beck161-162). Animals used as therapists in prisons, is a very effective method. The pet program usually stabilizes problem prisoners (Beck 162). In an interview with Robert Kent, superintendent of the Sanger B. Powers Correctional Center in Oneida, Wisconsin, he said, â€Å"Since our dog training program started in 1997, we’ve had 68 inmates released who were involved in the program and now one has re-offended and returned to prison. This achievement was lowered costs of prisons considering that 66 percent of inmates nationwide are recidivists (Strimple 70). The idea of using pets in prisons first came from Oakwood Forensic Center in Lima, Ohio. A prison inmate found a wounded bird on the grounds and took it in the prison to care for it. The prisoners started catching bugs for the bird to eat and they started getting along with each other. When the staff noticed that animals could be an effective way of therapy, they preformed a year long study between two wards. In one ward there were no animals, and the other ward had pets. The ward with no pets had eight suicide attempts during the year while the ward with pets required half of the amount of medication, had reduced violence, and there were no attempted suicides compared to the other ward (Strimple 72). Canine candy-striping is a new form of therapy being used in a hospital at UCLA. The program began in 1994 as just another recreational activity for patients. A former nurse, Kathie Cole, convinced the hospital that animals could lift the spirits of heart-transplant patients during the months of waiting for an organ. Roosevelt writes a story about a 65-year-old patient, hospitalized for quadruple-bypass surgery: had not moved or opened her eyes in days. Her relatives, grim-faced, stood around the bed. â€Å"They thought they had lost her,† recalls Betty Walsh, a volunteer in the intensive-care unit at the UCLA Medical Center. Then Walsh ushered in Koyla, a 145-lb. shaggy white Great Pyrenees, who climbed right up onto the woman’s bed and sn uggled against her body. Five minutes passed in silence. Then the woman’s hand moved slowly toward the dog. She began to stoke his soft, thick coat. Another five minutes passed. The woman smiled and murmured, â€Å"So lovely†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"For half an hour she kept petting him and calling him ‘my friend,† says Walsh. The whole time, I watched the blood-pressure monitor go down, down, down. † Canine candy-striping is also used at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City for patients with brain and spinal cord injuries, at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond for shock therapy patients, and in Texas for children recovering in burn units and to the calmer patients in Alzheimer’s wards (Roosevelt 1). â€Å"Professional therapists have come to value animals as therapeutic aids in treating simple problems like loneliness in the elderly or more complex disorders such as severe autism in children (Beck 161). Many studies have been conducted to show that pet therapy really works. An example is a study performed on a 19 year old psychotic boy who would spend most of his time in bed. Recreational and individual therapy did not improve his condition. Before receiving electroshock therapy, a therapist decided to use the companionship of a dog. Upon seeing the dog, the boy jumped out of bed a nd held it closely. When the dog left the room, the boy followed it immediately to everyone’s surprise (Beck 157-58). Patients with pets, or patients that receive pet therapy, are proven to live longer. Pets cure loneliness, especially for the elderly. Pets take their minds off of the loneliness the patient feels and offers them a sense of security and protection. Pets also give patients the will to live by providing a calm and positive environment (Pawprints 1-2). Ellen Whiteley writes about a study where out of 92 coronary patients, 11 out of 29 people without pets that were hospitalized for one year died compared to the 3 out of 53 who had pets and died. This study clearly shows that having a pet by your side, while sick, will help your condition (1). Alan Beck states the following example of a cat helping a patient Mary: The health care team at the home meets to decide which resident can derive the greatest benefit from living in the private therapy room. The current resident, Marie, was chosen because she had no family or friends, would not communicate, and remained curled in the fetal position with no interest in living. She also had sores on her legs from continual scratching. When other measures failed, she was moved in with Handsome (the resident cat). Whenever she began to scratch her legs, the cat played with her hands and distracted her. Within a month the sores were healed. She began to watch the cat and to talk with the staff about him. Gradually she invited other residents in to visit with him. Now she converses with strangers, as well as the nursing home staff, about the cat and other subjects (158). Pets have also been used with people who experience dementia of the Alzheimers Type (DAT). â€Å"According to Thomas, animals in the nursing home setting promote diversity and stimuli for meaningful interactions between and among residents, family members, visitors, and staff (Baun 44). The presence of these animals makes for more of a home and less of an institution. Research shows that companion animals actually increase socialization and decrease agitation and physiological stress on the person with DAT. In some cases, people would train a dog to warn the caregiver if the patient was doing a dangerous activity like leaving the home (Baun 48). The dangers of pet therapy are very limited. Animals that don’t meet certain criteria are not allowed into the hospital. Domestic pets are primarily disease free, but there can be occasional rabies carriers. Hospital staff and other patients are at very high risk of disease carried by animals used for therapeutic purposes. Pets can carry in fleas and other insects that could infect and pass on a deadly disease or virus to a patient (About 9). Patients might also have exotic pets such as birds or some type of reptile. These animals carry an intestinal infection called Salmonella. If a sick patient caught this disease, their chance of survival would be slim (Beck 266). All animals must go through a certain procedure first before being allowed into the hospital. They must be tested for any type of disease before acceptance into the hospital. Sometimes AAA and PFT are not beneficial to the patient. The following are some examples: when animals cause a rivalry in a group of people, when a patient becomes possessive of a visiting animal, injury may happen due to inappropriate handling, animal selection might be too dangerous, people with brain injury might provoke an animal without realizing it, some patients might think that an animal is rejecting them and make that lower their self-esteem, allergies might cause problems, the animal might lose control and attack a patient, and diseases might be passed between the animal and the patient (About 9). PFT could also be disadvantageous to the animals. Animals that keep visiting people might cause the animal to have stress (Katcher 85). In a survey posted by Nursing Standard, readers were asked the following question: Should patients in hospital be allowed visits from pets to promote recovery? Kate Chapman who is a nurse in north London gives her response: Pets occupy a treasured place in many households and the health benefits are well known. However, the diseases that animals carry are dangerous. Groups particularly at risk are older people, pregnant women, children under five, and people with a suppressed immune system. In my experience it would be impossible to find any area in any hospital that did not have at least two representatives of the above groups†¦.. If a pet’s visit can be arranged to take place outside the hospital, where it will not put others at risk, it should be allowed (1). Mat O’Connor, a nursing student at Bournemouth University, gives his opinion on the topic as well, â€Å"Many studies have shown the positive effects that pet therapy can have on the chronically ill, older people, children and people with mental disabilities. It would seem, therefore, to be a natural progression to allow patients visits from their pets or a specially trained animal (Nursing 1). Pets help people of all ages and illnesses, but perhaps pets benefit the elderly the most. The most serious disease for the elderly is loneliness (Pawprints 1). The presence of a pet can improve morale and create a sense of humor in depressed patients (Cusack 39). Animals also give the patient the will to live in a nursing home (Pawprints 2). In a study of cats by Clark Brickel, it was proven that cats help the patients keep in touch with the real world. Patients would save food from their meals to feed to the cats if they thought the cat was looking sick. Brickel says the food saving showed that the cats were a part of the patients real life. They were aware of the cats needs and changed their behavior to accommodate the cat (Cusack 39). Pets also benefit children in growing up and maturing. The animal is sometimes used as an imaginary companion or the object of a fantasy. As the child gets older, he/she starts taking responsibility for the pet. They will start feeding them and taking them on walks. Pets also help the child find their identity when growing up (Levinson 43-47). Levinson states, â€Å"When a child has a pet with which he works and toward which he expresses a wide range of feelings, he can get a better understanding of what he is like and what his strengths and limitations are (48). † Pet therapy should start being used in hospitals world-wide. AAA, PFT, or AAT, and Canine candy-striping are very successful ways of treating patients. The Pawprints and Purrs Association states, â€Å"The innocence of animals and their ability to love makes animals special. Human beings want to be part of their world, to connect with them in a mysterious and powerful way that will strengthen and nurture both humans and animals. Pawprints 3)† Studies have proven that animals can help us live healthier, longer, and happier lives (Cusack 4). Pets are fun to watch, they provide us with companionship, they give us something to care and look after for, they give us fun activities to do, they make us feel protected, they return the elderly to play and la ughter, they work as a stimulus to exercise, and they love you back. Beck quotes, â€Å"The animal loves you whether you have just won or lost your fortune in the stock market, whether you smell of perfume or soiled underwear, whether you are old and poor or young and rich, crippled or ugly.